direct-process steel

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1. fashion, manner, way

2. ( технологический процесс) process, method, practice

спо́соб гидромеханиза́ции ( в строительстве плотин) — hydraulic fill method

графи́ческий спо́соб (напр. решения или анализа) — graphical method

спо́соб до́ступа к да́нным ( не путать с ме́тодом до́ступа) вчт. — (data) access technique (not to confuse with access method)

спо́соб защемле́ния стр. — form of constraint

спо́соб испыта́ния — test(ing) technique

спо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, до́рновый — core-type building method

спо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, полудо́рновый — shoulder-drum tyre building method

мо́крый спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — wet-mud process

спо́соб очи́стки воды́, электромагни́тный — electromagnetic water treatment

спо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, мо́крый полигр. — wet laying

спо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, сухо́й полигр. — dry laying

пласти́ческий спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — soft-mud process

спо́соб подстано́вки изм. — substitution method

полусухо́й спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — stiff-mud process

спо́соб получе́ния желе́за, внедо́менный — nonblast-furnace (route of) iron-making

спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ба́шенный — tower sulphuric acid process

спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ка́мерный — chamber sulphuric acid process

спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, конта́ктный — contact sulphuric acid process

спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, нитро́зный — nitrous sulphuric acid process

спо́соб получе́ния со́ды, аммиа́чный — ammonium soda [Solvay] process

спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли — steel-making process, steel-making technique, steel-making practice

спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли в электропеча́х — electric steel-making

спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли, кислоро́дно-конве́рторный — oxygen steel-making

спо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, безопа́рный — straight dough method

спо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, опа́рный — sponge dough method

спо́соб произво́дства — (production) process, technology, practice

спо́соб прока́тки, ба́лочный — beam (method of) rolling

спо́соб прока́тки в закры́тых кали́брах — tongue-and-groove (rolling) method

спо́соб прока́тки в накло́нных кали́брах — diagonal (method of) rolling, angular (method of) rolling

спо́соб прока́тки в прямы́х кали́брах — flat [slab-and-edging] (method of) rolling

спо́соб прока́тки, паке́тный — pack rolling

спо́соб прока́тки, плоскореброво́й — flat-and-edge [edging] (method of) rolling

спо́соб прока́тки, руло́нный — coil rolling

спо́соб прока́тки с изги́бом — butterfly (method of) rolling

противото́чный спо́соб — counter-flow process

спо́соб прохо́дки ствола́ — shaft sinking (method)

спо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля марчева́нами — poling-board method of tunneling

спо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля, откры́тый — cut-and-cover method of tunneling

спо́соб прямо́го восстановле́ния ( железа из руды) — direct reduction process

спо́соб разрабо́тки горн. — mining (method)

спо́соб разрабо́тки, откры́тый — open-cut [open-cast] mining (method)

спо́соб разрабо́тки, подзе́мный — underground mining (method)

спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны — rubber regeneration process

спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, во́дно-нейтра́льный — water-cooking rubber regeneration process

спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, щелочно́й — alkali rubber regeneration process

спо́соб сва́рки — welding, process (см. тж. сварка)

сокращё́нный спо́соб — short-cut method

спо́соб сухо́го прессова́ния ( в производстве кирпича) — dry-press process

спо́соб шлифо́вки вреза́нием — plunge grinding

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оформля́ть проце́сс аппарату́рно — implement [instrument, mechanize] a process

проце́сс происхо́дит — a process occurs

проце́сс протека́ет … — a process runs …

реализова́ть проце́сс — implement a process; вчт., киб. instrument [mechanize] a process

аддити́вный проце́сс — additive process

адиабати́ческий проце́сс — adiabatic process

аммиа́чно-со́довый проце́сс — Solvay process

проце́сс Ая́кс [Ая́кс-проце́сс] ( разновидность мартеновского процесса) — Ajax process

бездо́менный проце́сс — direct ore-reduction process

бессеме́ровский проце́сс — Bessemer process

вагра́ночный проце́сс — cupola process

вероя́тностный проце́сс — probabilistic process

ветвя́щийся проце́сс — branching process

восстанови́тельный проце́сс — reduction process

проце́сс выра́щивания криста́ллов, эпитаксиа́льный — epitaxial(-growth) process

вычисли́тельный проце́сс — computational process

проце́сс гальванопокры́тия, щелочно́й — alkaline plating process

до́менный проце́сс — blast-furnace process

идеа́льный проце́сс — ideal process

изобари́ческий проце́сс — isobaric [constant-pressure] process

изотерми́ческий проце́сс — isothermal [constant-temperature] process

изохори́ческий проце́сс — isochoric [constant-volume] process

изоэнтропи́ческий проце́сс — isentropic process

итерацио́нный проце́сс вчт. — iterative process

квазистациона́рный проце́сс — quasi-stationary process

кинети́ческий проце́сс — rate process

кислоро́дно-конве́ртерный проце́сс — basic oxygen [oxygen-converter] process

конве́ртерный проце́сс — converter process

конкури́рующие проце́ссы — competitive processes

ма́рковский проце́сс мат. — Markov(ian) process

марте́новский проце́сс — open-hearth process

марте́новский, ки́слый проце́сс — acid open-hearth process

марте́новский, основно́й проце́сс — basic open-hearth process

модели́руемый проце́сс — prototype process

необрати́мый проце́сс — irreversible process

непреры́вный проце́сс — continuous process

неравнове́сный проце́сс — nonequilibrium process

нестациона́рный проце́сс — non-steady process

неустанови́вшийся проце́сс — unsteady-state process

обжига́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — roasting reduction process

обрати́мый проце́сс — reversible process

обра́тный проце́сс — inverse process

окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — redox process

окисли́тельный проце́сс — oxidizing process

проце́сс ОЛП — OLP converter process (oxygen-lime-powder)

оптима́льный проце́сс — optimal process

проце́сс перено́са — transport [transfer] process

перехо́дный проце́сс — transient (process)

по́сле оконча́ния перехо́дных проце́ссов … — after all transients have died out …

периоди́ческий проце́сс — periodic process

проце́сс пла́вки с наво́дкой одного́ шла́ка — single-slag process

позити́вный проце́сс кфт. — positive process

политропи́ческий проце́сс — polytropic process

последуби́льные проце́ссы — post tanning

проце́сс произво́дства — production process

проце́сс произво́дства ста́ли — steel-making process

проце́сс пряде́ния, непреры́вный — continuous spinning process

равнове́сный проце́сс — equilibrium process

регули́руемый проце́сс — controlled process

регуля́рный проце́сс — regular process

ро́торный проце́сс ( в производстве стали) — rotor process

ру́дный проце́сс — pig-and-ore process

проце́сс сгора́ния — combustion (process)

случа́йный проце́сс — random process

стациона́рный проце́сс — stationary process

стохасти́ческий проце́сс — stochastic process

технологи́ческий проце́сс — хим. process; маш. manufacturing [production] method

внедря́ть технологи́ческий проце́сс — bring in a new process

технологи́ческий проце́сс ведё́тся [осуществля́ется] с центра́льного пу́льта — the process is run from a central control room

технологи́ческий, непреры́вный проце́сс — continuous process

технологи́ческий, периоди́ческий проце́сс — batch process

типово́й проце́сс хим. — unit process

тома́совский проце́сс — basic Bessemer process

управля́емый проце́сс — controlled process

проце́сс усредне́ния — averaging (process)

установи́вшийся проце́сс — steady-state process

циркуляцио́нный проце́сс хим. — a process with (a) recycle

экзотерми́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] process

зкзоэнергети́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] process

эндотерми́ческий проце́сс — endothermic [endoergic] process

эргоди́ческий проце́сс мат. — ergodic process

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.

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1) expedient

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.

In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.

Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.

Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.

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